Evaluating the drug use “gateway” theory using cross-national data: Consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys*
Identifieur interne : 006F63 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 006F62; suivant : 006F64Evaluating the drug use “gateway” theory using cross-national data: Consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys*
Auteurs : Louisa Degenhardt [Australie] ; Lisa Dierker [États-Unis] ; Wai Tat Chiu [États-Unis] ; Maria Elena Medina-Mora [Mexique] ; Yehuda Neumark [Israël] ; Nancy Sampson [États-Unis] ; Jordi Alonso [Espagne] ; Matthias Angermeyer [Autriche] ; James C. Anthony [États-Unis] ; Ronny Bruffaerts [Belgique] ; Giovanni De Girolamo [Italie] ; Ron De Graaf [Pays-Bas] ; Oye Gureje [Nigeria] ; Aimee N. Karam [Liban] ; Stanislav Kostyuchenko [Ukraine] ; Sing Lee [République populaire de Chine] ; Jean-Pierre Lépine [France] ; Daphna Levinson [Israël] ; Yosikazu Nakamura ; Jose Posada-Villa [Colombie] ; Dan Stein [Afrique du Sud] ; J. Elisabeth Wells [Nouvelle-Zélande] ; Ronald C. Kessler [États-Unis]Source :
- Drug and alcohol dependence [ 0376-8716 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
It is unclear whether the normative sequence of drug use initiation, beginning with tobacco and alcohol, progressing to cannabis and then other illicit drugs, is due to causal effects of specific earlier drug use promoting progression, or to influences of other variables such as drug availability and attitudes. One way to investigate this is to see whether risk of later drug use in the sequence, conditional on use of drugs earlier in the sequence, changes according to time-space variation in use prevalence. We compared patterns and order of initiation of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drug use across 17 countries with a wide range of drug use prevalence.
Analyses used data from World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys, a series of parallel community epidemiological surveys using the same instruments and field procedures carried out in 17 countries throughout the world.
Initiation of “gateway” substances (i.e. alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) was differentially associated with subsequent onset of other illicit drug use based on background prevalence of gateway substance use. Cross-country differences in substance use prevalence also corresponded to differences in the likelihood of individuals reporting a non- normative sequence of substance initiation.
These results suggest the “gateway” pattern at least partially reflects unmeasured common causes rather than causal effects of specific drugs on subsequent use of others. This implies that successful efforts to prevent use of specific “gateway” drugs may not in themselves lead to major reductions in the use of later drugs.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.001
PubMed: 20060657
PubMed Central: 2835832
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Australie, Autriche, Belgique, Colombie, Espagne, France, Israël, Italie, Liban, Mexique, Nigeria, Nouvelle-Zélande, Pays-Bas, République populaire de Chine, Ukraine, États-Unis
- Catalogne, Connecticut, Michigan, Île-de-France
- Barcelone, East Lansing, Paris, Sha Tin
- Université chinoise de Hong Kong, Université d'État du Michigan
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Javerina, Cra. 7 No. 119-14 Cons 511, Bogata, Colombia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, U. Javerina, Cra. 7 No. 119-14 Cons 511, Bogata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bogata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan" sort="Stein, Dan" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan" last="Stein">Dan Stein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7505, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7505</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town 7505</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, J Elisabeth" sort="Wells, J Elisabeth" uniqKey="Wells J" first="J. Elisabeth" last="Wells">J. 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San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City, DF 14370, Mexico</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Psychiatry, Calzada Mexico Xochimilco, No 101, Col. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Mexico City, DF 14370</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>DF 14370</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Neumark, Yehuda" sort="Neumark, Yehuda" uniqKey="Neumark Y" first="Yehuda" last="Neumark">Yehuda Neumark</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A5">Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampson, Nancy" sort="Sampson, Nancy" uniqKey="Sampson N" first="Nancy" last="Sampson">Nancy Sampson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, United States</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>02115</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d’Investigacio Medica (IMIM), CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Services Research Unit, Institut Municipal d’Investigacio Medica (IMIM), CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Angermeyer, Matthias" sort="Angermeyer, Matthias" uniqKey="Angermeyer M" first="Matthias" last="Angermeyer">Matthias Angermeyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A7">Center for Public Health, Untere Zeile 13, A-3482, Gösing am Wagram, Austria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Autriche</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Public Health, Untere Zeile 13, A-3482, Gösing am Wagram</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gösing am Wagram</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Anthony, James C" sort="Anthony, James C" uniqKey="Anthony J" first="James C." last="Anthony">James C. Anthony</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A8">Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, B601 West Fee Hall. East Lansing, MI, 48823 United States</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, Michigan State University, B601 West Fee Hall. East Lansing, MI</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region><settlement type="city">East Lansing</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'État du Michigan</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bruffaerts, Ronny" sort="Bruffaerts, Ronny" uniqKey="Bruffaerts R" first="Ronny" last="Bruffaerts">Ronny Bruffaerts</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>B-3000</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A10">Regional Health Care Agency, Emilia-Romanga Region, Via Aldo Moro 21, Bologna 40127, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Regional Health Care Agency, Emilia-Romanga Region, Via Aldo Moro 21, Bologna 40127</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bologna 40127</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Graaf, Ron" sort="De Graaf, Ron" uniqKey="De Graaf R" first="Ron" last="De Graaf">Ron De Graaf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A11">Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, Utrecht 3521 VS, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Da Costakade 45, Utrecht 3521 VS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Utrecht 3521 VS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gureje, Oye" sort="Gureje, Oye" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="Oye" last="Gureje">Oye Gureje</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A12">Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan PMB 5116, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan PMB 5116</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ibadan PMB 5116</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Karam, Aimee N" sort="Karam, Aimee N" uniqKey="Karam A" first="Aimee N." last="Karam">Aimee N. Karam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A13">St. George Hospital University Medical Center, Balamand University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy & Applied Care (IDRAAC), 166227 Achrafieh, Beirut 1100 2110, Lebanon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Liban</country><wicri:regionArea>St. George Hospital University Medical Center, Balamand University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy & Applied Care (IDRAAC), 166227 Achrafieh, Beirut 1100 2110</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Beirut 1100 2110</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kostyuchenko, Stanislav" sort="Kostyuchenko, Stanislav" uniqKey="Kostyuchenko S" first="Stanislav" last="Kostyuchenko">Stanislav Kostyuchenko</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A14">Ukrainian Psychiatric Association, 103a Frunze Street, Kiev 04080, Ukraine</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ukraine</country><wicri:regionArea>Ukrainian Psychiatric Association, 103a Frunze Street, Kiev 04080</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kiev 04080</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sing" sort="Lee, Sing" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sing" last="Lee">Sing Lee</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A15">Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Flat 7A, Block E, Staff Quarters, Shatin, HKSAR, PRC</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Flat 7A, Block E, Staff Quarters, Shatin, HKSAR</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université chinoise de Hong Kong</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sha Tin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lepine, Jean Pierre" sort="Lepine, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Lepine J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Lépine">Jean-Pierre Lépine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A16">Hospital Fernand Widal, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint Denis, Paris 75010, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Hospital Fernand Widal, 200 rue du Faubourg Saint Denis, Paris 75010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75010</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A17">Director Research & Planning, Ministry of Health, Mental Health Services, 2 Ben Tabal St., Jerusalem 91010, Israel</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>Director Research & Planning, Ministry of Health, Mental Health Services, 2 Ben Tabal St., Jerusalem 91010</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jerusalem 91010</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, Yosikazu" sort="Nakamura, Yosikazu" uniqKey="Nakamura Y" first="Yosikazu" last="Nakamura">Yosikazu Nakamura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="A18">Department of Public Health, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigiken Japan 329-0498</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Tochigiken Japan 329-0498</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Posada Villa, Jose" sort="Posada Villa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="Jose" last="Posada-Villa">Jose Posada-Villa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A19">Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, U. Javerina, Cra. 7 No. 119-14 Cons 511, Bogata, Colombia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Colombie</country><wicri:regionArea>Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, U. Javerina, Cra. 7 No. 119-14 Cons 511, Bogata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bogata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Dan" sort="Stein, Dan" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan" last="Stein">Dan Stein</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A20">Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7505, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7505</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town 7505</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wells, J Elisabeth" sort="Wells, J Elisabeth" uniqKey="Wells J" first="J. Elisabeth" last="Wells">J. Elisabeth Wells</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A21">Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nouvelle-Zélande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Christchurch 8140</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C." last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, United States</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>02115</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Drug and alcohol dependence</title><idno type="ISSN">0376-8716</idno><idno type="eISSN">1879-0046</idno><imprint><date when="2010">2010</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P1">It is unclear whether the normative sequence of drug use initiation, beginning with tobacco and alcohol, progressing to cannabis and then other illicit drugs, is due to causal effects of specific earlier drug use promoting progression, or to influences of other variables such as drug availability and attitudes. One way to investigate this is to see whether risk of later drug use in the sequence, conditional on use of drugs earlier in the sequence, changes according to time-space variation in use prevalence. We compared patterns and order of initiation of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit drug use across 17 countries with a wide range of drug use prevalence.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="S2"><title>Method</title><p id="P2">Analyses used data from World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys, a series of parallel community epidemiological surveys using the same instruments and field procedures carried out in 17 countries throughout the world.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p id="P3">Initiation of “gateway” substances (i.e. alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) was differentially associated with subsequent onset of other illicit drug use based on background prevalence of gateway substance use. Cross-country differences in substance use prevalence also corresponded to differences in the likelihood of individuals reporting a non- normative sequence of substance initiation.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P4">These results suggest the “gateway” pattern at least partially reflects unmeasured common causes rather than causal effects of specific drugs on subsequent use of others. This implies that successful efforts to prevent use of specific “gateway” drugs may not in themselves lead to major reductions in the use of later drugs.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Australie</li><li>Autriche</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Colombie</li><li>Espagne</li><li>France</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Liban</li><li>Mexique</li><li>Nigeria</li><li>Nouvelle-Zélande</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>Ukraine</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Catalogne</li><li>Connecticut</li><li>Michigan</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>East Lansing</li><li>Paris</li><li>Sha Tin</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université chinoise de Hong Kong</li><li>Université d'État du Michigan</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Nakamura, Yosikazu" sort="Nakamura, Yosikazu" uniqKey="Nakamura Y" first="Yosikazu" last="Nakamura">Yosikazu Nakamura</name></noCountry><country name="Australie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Degenhardt, Louisa" sort="Degenhardt, Louisa" uniqKey="Degenhardt L" first="Louisa" last="Degenhardt">Louisa Degenhardt</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Connecticut"><name sortKey="Dierker, Lisa" sort="Dierker, Lisa" uniqKey="Dierker L" first="Lisa" last="Dierker">Lisa Dierker</name></region><name sortKey="Anthony, James C" sort="Anthony, James C" uniqKey="Anthony J" first="James C." last="Anthony">James C. Anthony</name><name sortKey="Chiu, Wai Tat" sort="Chiu, Wai Tat" uniqKey="Chiu W" first="Wai Tat" last="Chiu">Wai Tat Chiu</name><name sortKey="Kessler, Ronald C" sort="Kessler, Ronald C" uniqKey="Kessler R" first="Ronald C." last="Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</name><name sortKey="Sampson, Nancy" sort="Sampson, Nancy" uniqKey="Sampson N" first="Nancy" last="Sampson">Nancy Sampson</name></country><country name="Mexique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Medina Mora, Maria Elena" sort="Medina Mora, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Medina Mora M" first="Maria Elena" last="Medina-Mora">Maria Elena Medina-Mora</name></noRegion></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Neumark, Yehuda" sort="Neumark, Yehuda" uniqKey="Neumark Y" first="Yehuda" last="Neumark">Yehuda Neumark</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Levinson, Daphna" sort="Levinson, Daphna" uniqKey="Levinson D" first="Daphna" last="Levinson">Daphna Levinson</name></country><country name="Espagne"><region name="Catalogne"><name sortKey="Alonso, Jordi" sort="Alonso, Jordi" uniqKey="Alonso J" first="Jordi" last="Alonso">Jordi Alonso</name></region></country><country name="Autriche"><noRegion><name sortKey="Angermeyer, Matthias" sort="Angermeyer, Matthias" uniqKey="Angermeyer M" first="Matthias" last="Angermeyer">Matthias Angermeyer</name></noRegion></country><country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bruffaerts, Ronny" sort="Bruffaerts, Ronny" uniqKey="Bruffaerts R" first="Ronny" last="Bruffaerts">Ronny Bruffaerts</name></noRegion></country><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="De Girolamo, Giovanni" sort="De Girolamo, Giovanni" uniqKey="De Girolamo G" first="Giovanni" last="De Girolamo">Giovanni De Girolamo</name></noRegion></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><noRegion><name sortKey="De Graaf, Ron" sort="De Graaf, Ron" uniqKey="De Graaf R" first="Ron" last="De Graaf">Ron De Graaf</name></noRegion></country><country name="Nigeria"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gureje, Oye" sort="Gureje, Oye" uniqKey="Gureje O" first="Oye" last="Gureje">Oye Gureje</name></noRegion></country><country name="Liban"><noRegion><name sortKey="Karam, Aimee N" sort="Karam, Aimee N" uniqKey="Karam A" first="Aimee N." last="Karam">Aimee N. Karam</name></noRegion></country><country name="Ukraine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kostyuchenko, Stanislav" sort="Kostyuchenko, Stanislav" uniqKey="Kostyuchenko S" first="Stanislav" last="Kostyuchenko">Stanislav Kostyuchenko</name></noRegion></country><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lee, Sing" sort="Lee, Sing" uniqKey="Lee S" first="Sing" last="Lee">Sing Lee</name></noRegion></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Lepine, Jean Pierre" sort="Lepine, Jean Pierre" uniqKey="Lepine J" first="Jean-Pierre" last="Lépine">Jean-Pierre Lépine</name></region></country><country name="Colombie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Posada Villa, Jose" sort="Posada Villa, Jose" uniqKey="Posada Villa J" first="Jose" last="Posada-Villa">Jose Posada-Villa</name></noRegion></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Stein, Dan" sort="Stein, Dan" uniqKey="Stein D" first="Dan" last="Stein">Dan Stein</name></noRegion></country><country name="Nouvelle-Zélande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wells, J Elisabeth" sort="Wells, J Elisabeth" uniqKey="Wells J" first="J. Elisabeth" last="Wells">J. Elisabeth Wells</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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